= How to use FRBR = == What is FRBR? == "Functional Requirements for Bibliographical Records (FRBR) is a ''conceptual model'' of the bibliographical universe outlined in a 1998 report from the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). The report uses entity-relationship analysis to "provide a clearly defined, structured framework for relating the data that are recorded in bibliographic records to the needs of the users of those records". (FRBR Report, p.7) The most influential parts of the FRBR report are the definitions of user tasks and bibliographical entities". (Quote from TechEssence, May 2006) The FRBR model can be a useful and fundamental framework for metadata analysis and framework. Also, the model will help users to perform sucessful searches by presenting information about complex works in useful and intelligent ways. == FRBR bibliographic entities == FRBR defines three groups of entities. ==== I. The four entities of the first and and primary group, WORK, EXPRESSION, MANIFESTATION and ITEM represent different aspects of the resource. ==== {{attachment:Entity_group_1.gif}} '''WORK''': a distinct intellectual or artistic cration. A ''Work'' is an abstract entity. The ''Work'' is recognised through individual realisations or ''Expressions'' of the ''Work''. A ''Work'' is not a particular version of a film or a CD, but the intellectual creation that lies behind all the various ''Expressions'' of the ''Work''. Because the notion of a ''Work'' is abstract, it is difficult to define precise boundaries for the entity. Translations from one language to another, musical transcriptions and arrangements, and dubbed or subtitled versions of a film are considered as different ''expressions'' of the same original ''work''. But when the modification of a ''Work'' involves a significant degree of independent intellectual or artistic effort, the result is viewed as a new ''Work''. Thus paraphrases, rewritings, adaptations for children, parodies, musical variations on a theme and free transcriptions of a musical composition are considered to represent new ''works''. ''Examples'' * Martin A. Hansens book ''Løgneren'' is a ''work'', and the film ''Løgneren'' by Knud Leif Thomsen, based on the novel by Martin A. Hansen, is a new ''work''. '''EXPRESSION''': the intellectual or artistic realization of a ''work''. An ''Expression'' is the specific form that a ''Work'' takes each time it is "realised". ''Expression'' encompasses the specific words and sentences that result from the realization of a ''work'' in the form of a text, or the particular sound resulting from the realization of a musical ''work''. When an ''expression'' is accompanied by augmentations such as illustrations, CD cover, etc. that are nor integral to the intellectual or artistic realization of the ''work'', such augmentation are considered to be separate ''expressions'' of their own separate ''work''. ''Examples'' * work: Martin A. Hansens book ''Løgneren'' * expression 1: the original Danish text * expression 2: the radio broadcast read by Pouel Kern * expression 3: the English translation by John J. Egglishaw * work: the film ''Løgneren'' by Knud Leif Thomsen * expression 1: the original Danish language version * expression 2: the original with English subtitles added '''MANIFESTATION''': the physical embodiment of an ''expression'' of a ''work''. A ''Manifestation'' may contain multiple ''Expressions'', eg. a CD containing multiple songs, each of which is an ''Expression'' of an individual ''Work''. ''Examples'' * work: Martin A. Hansens ''Løgneren'' * expression 1: the original Danish text * manifestation: the book published in 1950 by Gyldendal * expression 2: the radio broadcast read by Pouel Kern * manifestation: transmitted January 1950 by The Danish Radio * expression 3: the English translation by John J. Egglishaw * manifestation: the book published in 1954 by J.M. Dent '''ITEM''': a single exemplar of a ''manifestation''. An ''Item'' is an individual copy of a ''Manifestation'', whether a physical thing or a copy of a file. ''Examples'' * work: Martin A. Hansens ''Løgneren'' * expression 1: the original Danish text * manifestation: the book published in 1950 by Gyldendal * item: the copy located at Statsbiblioteket: shelf no. 1-98-6622 * expression 2: the radio broadcast read by Pouel Kern * manifestation: transmitted January 1950 by The Danish Radio * item 1: the tape located at Statsbiblioteket: shelf no. DR15.1.1950 * item 2: the BWF-file located at Statsbiblioteket: ==== II. The two entities of the second group, PERSON and CORPORATE BODY, represent those responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of the entities in the first group ==== {{attachment:Entity_group_2.gif}} '''PERSON''': An individual. A ''person'' is treated as an entity if she/he is involved in the creation or realization of a ''work'', or is the subject of a ''work''. ''Examples'' * person 1: Suzanne Brøgger * person 2: Martin A. Hansen '''CORPORATE BODY''': An organization or group of individuals and/or organizations acting as a unit. Encompasses organizations and groups of individuals that are identified by a particular name and groups that are constituted as meetings, conferences, etc. ''Examples'' * corporate body 1: Statsbiblioteket * corporate body 2: Åstedet - arkiv og kulturværksted for den oversete historie * corporate body 3: Arkiv for Ny Litteratur ==== III. The four entities of the third group, CONCEPT, OBJECT, EVENT, PLACE, represent an additional set of entities that serve as the subject of ''works'' ==== {{attachment:Entity_group_3.gif}} '''CONCEPT''': An abstract notion or idea. Encompasses abstractions that may be subject of a ''work'': fields of knowledge, disciplines, schools of thought, theories, processes, techniques, etc. ''Examples'' concept 1: Eksistentialisme concept 2: Arbejdererindringer i Århus '''OBJECT''': A material thing. Encompasses material things that may be subject of a ''work'': animate and inanimate objects occuring in nature; fixed, moveable objects that are the product of human creation. ''Examples'' object 1: Amalienborg Slot object 2: Fregatten Jylland object 3: Himmelbjerget '''EVENT''': An action or occurrence. Encompasses actions and occurrences that may be the subject of a ''work'': historical events, epochs, periods of time, etc. ''Examples'' event 1: Forfatteraften på Hald Hovedgaard event 2: Slaget ved Dybbøl '''PLACE''': A location. Encompasses terrestrial and extra-terrestrial locations; historical and contemporary locations; geographic features and geo-political jurisdictions. ''Examples'' place 1: Dokken - Aarhus Flydedok place 2: Hald Hovedgaard == How to use FRBR == /!\ This section could use a more "whole" description of more than just the individual groups Perhaps a more general usage specification /!\ '''References''' Amato, G. et al. (2000) ''Metadata modelling report''. (The ECHO Project, D3.1.1) Chen, Ya-ning and Shu-jiun Chen (2003) ''A metadata practice of the IFLA FRBR model - a case study for the National Palace Museum in Taipei'' (in: Journal of Documentation, vol. 60, no. 2, 2004) IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographical Records (1998) ''Functional Requirements for Bibliographical Records: Final Report''. Amended and corrected February 2009 International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (2009) ''Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects: Standards Recommended, Practices and Strategies''. IASA-TC04. 2nd edition/ edited by Kevin Bradley.